解析：选A。推理判断题。newspaper “报纸”；government report “政府工作报告”；leaflet for travelers “给游客的传单”；handbook “旅行指南”。根据文章的行文特点，本文按事件发生的时间顺序来写的，所以是属于报道性文章，答案应为A项。
3．Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A．At the beginning the farmer heard a strange cry.
B．The farmer was working in the field when the disaster happened.
C．The farmer's wife was working in the field at that moment.
D．The village was badly damaged.
解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第三段可知，他们发现村庄已经严重被毁，所以答案应为D项。
4．What does the passage mainly tell us?
A．The damage of a volcano.
B．A terrible volcano.
C．An unforgettable memory.
D．A farmer's experience.
解析：选B。主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，本文以目击者的角度来写火山爆发的整个过程及村庄被毁、村民逃生等情景，综合分析四个选项，正确答案应为B项。
B
It's a time­honored practice among anyone burning_the_candle_at_both_ends：get very little sleep for days and then have a long night of shut­eye to catch up.
Ten hours of sleep may indeed help, and allow us to perform well for several hours after waking. But “in fact, the brain keeps track of how long we've been asleep and awake －   for weeks，”says Daniel A. Cohen in Harvard Medical School. So the shorter our total sleep is, the worse our performance becomes，even after a good night's rest.
Cohen and other researchers studied nine young men and women who spent three weeks on a schedule: awake for 33 hours, asleep for 10－about 5.6 hours of sleep a day. When the study participants(参与者)were awake, they took a computer­based test.
The researchers were surprised to discover that even though people slept for 10 hours, their performance shortly after waking was back to normal. The short­term sleep loss can be made up quickly within a long night. Previous research found that people awake for 24 hours straight act as if they're drunk. Cohen's new study shows that those who suffer two or three weeks of long­time sleep loss reach that level of serious energy loss faster after just 18 hours awake.
Sleep researchers sometimes use an hourglass (沙漏) to show how we lose our ability as the day goes on. A good night's sleep gives us a full glass of sand; the grains begin to fall when we wake up, and with each grain that drops, there's an increasing level of energy loss. Long­time sleep loss makes the hole, so the sand falls a lot faster. That means ________.
Scientists don't yet know how long it takes to get over a long­term sleep debt. “It could even take up to a couple of weeks of a normal sleep schedule before people fully catch up on their sleep ，” Cohen says. It's an important fact for people with safety­sensitive jobs, so they can make sure they have enough sleep.

语篇解读：有人认为熬夜后可以通过长时间的睡眠得以弥补，然而 Cohen 的研究结果表明事实并非如此。

5．Which of the following is the most proper to be filled in the blank?
A．it's hard for you to wake up
B．it's easy for you to sleep well
C．you use up your energy quickly
D．you can get over your sleep debt quickly
解析：选C。推理判断题。本文用 hourglass 来比喻人的睡眠与能量消耗：优质的睡眠好比满漏斗的沙子，能量的消耗好比沙子从漏斗中漏出，长期睡眠不足好比漏斗中形成洞，这样沙子会越漏越快，这就好比人的能量越来越快地被消耗掉，由此推断出C项为正确答案。
6．The hourglass in the text is used to ________.
A．show the speed of sand dropping
B．advise us to have enough sleep
C．prove the importance of sleep
D．explain the effect of sleep loss
解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第五段，本文引用 hourglass 旨在形象地说明长时间睡眠的缺乏给我们平常工作带来的影响。
7．From the passage, we can know that ________.
A．ten hours of sleep is useless for people's health
B．people awake for 24 hours are more likely to be drunk
C．scientists believe ten hours' sleep can get over a long­term sleep loss
D．researchers' study is very important for people with safety － sensitive jobs
解析：选D。细节理解题。由第二段第一句话可看出，睡眠时间长对人体并非一点作用都没有，A项错误；B项对第四段第三句的理解有误，故为错误选项。由最后一段第一句可知，科学家还不清楚在睡眠不足后，多长时间的睡眠可以得到弥补，C项错误；由最后一段第三句可知，研究对从事安全度高的工作的人非常重要。故D项为正确答案。
8．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Don't Worry about Sleep Loss
B．Lost Sleep Is Hard to Find
C．Long Night Makes up Lost Sleep
D．Get Enough Sleep
解析：选B。标题概括题。一般认为，熬夜后可通过一次长时间的睡眠得以弥补，而本文的研究则表明，尽管得以弥补，但是人的能量将消耗过快，导致效率降低，其原有的精神状态难以弥补。选项B揭示本文的主旨。

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