1、定义
　　动词-ed和动词-ing形式常称作分词。他们既有动词的特征，又有形容词和副词的特征，在英语中可以作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
　　2、构成
　　(1)规则的动词后+ed构成动词-ed形式，不规则的需要记忆。动词-ed形式没有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态的变化。
　　(2)动词-ing形式有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态区别。
　　下列以及物动词write和不及物动词go列表示例：
　　write
　　go
　　主 动 被 动
　　动词-ing一般式 writing being written going
　　动词-ing完成式 having written having been written
　　动词-ed written gone
　　3、用法
　　(1)作定语
　　单个的分词作定语，一般置于所修饰的词前;分词短语作定语置于所修饰的词后，相当于一个定语从句。如：
　　Many excited people wanted to travel on the underground.
　　许多兴奋的人们想乘地铁旅行。
　　The countries you referred to just now belong to developing countries.
　　你刚才提到的那些国家属于发展中国家。
　　People developed a kind of paper made from the fibers of plants.
　　=People developed a kind of paper which/that was made from the fibers of plants.
　　人们研制出一种用植物纤维制成的纸。
　　The houses being built are for the teachers.
　　=The houses which/that are being built are for the teachers.
　　正在(被)建的那些房子是给老师们的。
　　The little boy standing over there is a classmate of mine.
　　站在那边的小男孩是我班的同学。
　　* 不定式、过去分词和现在分词作定语的区别
　　不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作;现在分词作定语常表示正在进行的动作;过去分词作定语表示过去的动作。如：
　　The problem to be discussed tomorrow is very important.
　　The problem discussed yesterday is very important.
　　The problem being discussed now is very important.
　　(2)作状语
　　a)分词作状语的基本原则
　　分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语时，必须与句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
　　b)分词作状语形式的选择
　　形 式 意 义
　　v.+-ing (doing) 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生。
　　having+v.-ed
　　(having done)
　　与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。
　　v.+-ed (done) 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
　　being +v.-ed
　　(being done) 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般作原因状语置于句首。
　　having been+
　　v-ed
　　(having been
　　done)
　　与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。
　　c) 分词作状语的句法功能
　　分词在句中作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、伴随等。分词作状语相当于一个状语从句。如：
　　Hearing the news,we got excited. (=When we heard the news,we got excited.)
　　Given more time,I can do it better.(=If I am given more time,I can do it better.)
　　Having been told many times,he still made the same mistake.
　　(=After he had been told many times,he still made the same mistake. )
　　Not having understood the problem, Betty went to the teacher for help.
　　(=Because Betty had not understood the problem,she went to
　　the teacher for help.)
　　They went home earlier than usual today,leaving the work unfinished.
　　The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.
　　(=The teacher came into the lab and was followed by the students.)
　　(3) 作表语
　　通常情况下现在分词作表语说明主语的性质特征;过去分词作表语说明主语的状态
　　兼有被动之意。如：
　　The situation here is encouraging and we are encouraged.
　　Our classroom is very crowded.
　　After dinner,the boy remained standing beside the table.
　　(4) 作宾语补足语
　　分词作宾语补足语，主要跟在一些感官动词和使役动词的后面。如：
　　You’d better have your hair cut if you are free tomorrow.
　　The lady found her valuable necklace missing after the party.
　　Don’t keep the boy standing outside.
　　4、关于动词-ed和动词-ing用法的几点说明
　　(1)动词-ed和动词-ing的否定形式由not加分词构成。否定词not永远在动词-ed或动词-ing的前面.如：
　　Not having done it well,I tried again.
　　Not caring about his health,the old engineer carried on his plan.
　　His not having finished the work on time,he was punished by the boss.
　　(2)通常分词作状语时 ，分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如：
　　Having finished her work,David’s mother went home.
　　(= After David’s mother finished her work,she went home.)
　　*当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，分词必须有自己的主语。如：
　　His glasses broken,he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly.
　　There being no bus.we had to walk home after school.
　　(3)表示时间关系、条件关系等分词短语有时可以由连词when/while或if/unless等引导。如:When first introduced to the market,these products enjoyed great success.
　　I won’t go to the party unless invited.
　　(4)有时可用“with(without)+名词(或代词)+分词”的结构表示伴随状况。如：
　　The thief was brought in,with his hand tied behind.
 
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